Working with Files
Files are what you're really working with. In this module, you'll learn to see everything on your Mac (including hidden files), read file contents without opening applications, and manipulate files with precision. Creating, copying, moving, and deleting—all faster than you ever could in Finder.
Some Files Are Hiding
When you run ls, you don't see everything. macOS hides certain files — ones that start with a dot (like .zshrc or .gitignore).
These aren't secret or dangerous. They're just configuration files that most people don't need to see day-to-day.
Show Hidden Files
Go to your home folder:
cd ~
List everything, including hidden files:
ls -a
You'll see files that start with a dot — like .zshrc, .ssh, or .config. These were there all along, just hidden.
What does "-a" mean? It stands for "all." Many commands have these short options (called "flags") that modify how they work.
See More Details
Want to see file sizes, dates, and permissions too? Add -l for "long" format:
List with details:
ls -la
This shows everything: hidden files, file sizes, modification dates, and permissions. It's the most complete view of a folder.
Toggle Hidden Files in Finder
You can also show hidden files in Finder with a keyboard shortcut:
Toggle Hidden Files
In Finder, this shows/hides files that start with a dot. Press again to hide them.
Key Takeaway
ls -a shows hidden files (those starting with a dot). ls -la shows hidden files plus detailed info. In Finder, use Cmd + Shift + . to toggle.